Signaling constraints and sequence parameter set sharing in video coding

ABSTRACT

An example device includes memory configured to store video data and one or more processors implemented in circuitry and communicatively coupled to the memory. The one or more processors are configured to determine whether a picture of the video data is an intra random access picture (IRAP) and determine whether all layers of the picture are independent. Based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, the one or more processors are configured to determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture and code the picture without using inter slice prediction.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/980,873, filed Feb. 24, 2020, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to video encoding and video decoding.

BACKGROUND

Digital video capabilities can be incorporated into a wide range of devices, including digital televisions, digital direct broadcast systems, wireless broadcast systems, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop or desktop computers, tablet computers, e-book readers, digital cameras, digital recording devices, digital media players, video gaming devices, video game consoles, cellular or satellite radio telephones, so-called “smart phones,” video teleconferencing devices, video streaming devices, and the like. Digital video devices implement video coding techniques, such as those described in the standards defined by MPEG-2, MPEG-4, ITU-T H.263, ITU-T H.264/MPEG-4, Part 10, Advanced Video Coding (AVC), ITU-T H.265/High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), and extensions of such standards. The video devices may transmit, receive, encode, decode, and/or store digital video information more efficiently by implementing such video coding techniques.

Video coding techniques include spatial (intra-picture) prediction and/or temporal (inter-picture) prediction to reduce or remove redundancy inherent in video sequences. For block-based video coding, a video slice (e.g., a video picture or a portion of a video picture) may be partitioned into video blocks, which may also be referred to as coding tree units (CTUs), coding units (CUs) and/or coding nodes. Video blocks in an intra-coded (I) slice of a picture are encoded using spatial prediction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks in the same picture. Video blocks in an inter-coded (P or B) slice of a picture may use spatial prediction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks in the same picture or temporal prediction with respect to reference samples in other reference pictures. Pictures may be referred to as frames, and reference pictures may be referred to as reference frames.

SUMMARY

In general, this disclosure describes techniques for signaling in video coding, and in particular reducing signaling bandwidth, including reducing signaling bandwidth by not signaling unnecessary syntax elements and/or through sequence parameter set (SPS) sharing in video coding.

In one example, a method includes determining whether a picture of video data is an intra random access picture (IRAP), determining whether all layers of the picture are independent, based on the picture being an TRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determining a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture, and coding the picture without using inter slice prediction. As used herein, inter slice prediction is prediction of one slice of video data using another slice of video data.

In another example, a device includes memory configured to store video data; and one or more processors implemented in circuitry and communicatively coupled to the memory, the one or more processors being configured to: determine whether a picture of the video data is an intra random access picture (TRAP); determine whether all layers of the picture are independent; based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture; and code the picture without using inter slice prediction.

In another example, a computer-readable storage medium is encoded with instructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors to determine whether a picture of the video data is an intra random access picture (TRAP), determine whether all layers of the picture are independent, based on the picture being an TRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture, and code the picture without using inter slice prediction.

In another example, a device includes means for determining whether a picture of the video data is an intra random access picture (IRAP), means for determining whether all layers of the picture are independent, means for determining a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, and means for coding the picture without using inter slice prediction. at least one means for performing any method of this disclosure.

The details of one or more examples are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description, drawings, and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoding and decoding system that may perform the techniques of this disclosure.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are conceptual diagrams illustrating an example quadtree binary tree (QTBT) structure, and a corresponding coding tree unit (CTU).

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoder that may perform the techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example video decoder that may perform the techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating example signaling techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an example of video encoding.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an example of video decoding.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In some draft video standards, such as VVC Draft 8, when a layer of video data is an independent layer (e.g., the layer is not inter predicted), there is a constraint that if a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit type is instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR) or clear random access (CRA), the slice type shall be an I-slice. However, there is a flag in the picture header, ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag, that indicates the presence of inter-related syntax elements, or in other words, whether the slice type can be P-slice or B-slice. This picture header flag is not a constraint for the cases when NAL unit types are IDR or CRA in a picture for an independent layer. Thus, unnecessary syntax elements may be encoded, signaled, and parsed, wasting signaling overhead. According to the techniques of this disclosure, a constraint may be added that if a picture is an IDR picture or a CRA picture, then ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag may be equal to 0 for independent layers. In such a manner, a video encoder may refrain from signaling ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag when a picture is an IDR picture or a CRA picture and all layers are independent and a video decoder may infer the value of ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag to be 0.

Additionally, in some draft video standards, constraints exist which, when implemented, control a value of a syntax element based on a value of another syntax element. For example, in VVC Draft 8, the semantics of a syntax element, inter layer ref_pics_present_flag, includes a constraint that “When vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 1, the value of inter layer ref_pics_present_flag shall be equal to 0.” This means that if a video encoder implementing VVC Draft 8 does not use inter-layer prediction for a layer (e.g., the layer is independent), then the sequence parameter set (SPS) of such a layer has inter layer ref_pics_present_flag equal to 0. This constraint prevents a video encoder and a video decoder from sharing an SPS between independent and dependent layers. Under such a constraint, for example, if there is an independent layer and a dependent layer (e.g., a layer dependent on another layer for prediction), then video encoder 200 signals two SPSs, one for each layer, even if the only difference between the two SPSs is the value of inter layer ref_pics_present_flag. According to VVC Draft 8, the total number of SPSs that may be signaled in a sequence is limited to 16. So not permitting the sharing of SPSs in such a case (as is the case in VVC Draft 8) may lead to a reduction in the number of layers that can be coded in a sequence, as well an increase in signaling bandwidth.

In accordance with the techniques of this disclosure, a video encoder or video decoder may signal or parse, respectively, a shared SPS for independent and dependent layers with the same reference picture structures, but only add inter-layer reference pictures for dependent layers. The advantage of this technique is that an SPS and reference picture structures (e.g., ref_pic_list_struct) maybe shared across independent and dependent layers, lowering the overhead in the signaling and may also lead to the ability to code a larger number of layers.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoding and decoding system 100 that may perform the techniques of this disclosure. The techniques of this disclosure are generally directed to coding (encoding and/or decoding) video data. In general, video data includes any data for processing a video. Thus, video data may include raw, unencoded video, encoded video, decoded (e.g., reconstructed) video, and video metadata, such as signaling data.

As shown in FIG. 1, system 100 includes a source device 102 that provides encoded video data to be decoded and displayed by a destination device 116, in this example. In particular, source device 102 provides the video data to destination device 116 via a computer-readable medium 110. Source device 102 and destination device 116 may comprise any of a wide range of devices, including desktop computers, notebook (i.e., laptop) computers, tablet computers, set-top boxes, broadcast receiver devices, telephone handsets (mobile devices) such as smartphones, televisions, cameras, display devices, digital media players, video gaming consoles, video streaming device, or the like. In some cases, source device 102 and destination device 116 may be equipped for wireless communication, and thus may be referred to as wireless communication devices.

In the example of FIG. 1, source device 102 includes video source 104, memory 106, video encoder 200, and output interface 108. Destination device 116 includes input interface 122, video decoder 300, memory 120, and display device 118. In accordance with this disclosure, video encoder 200 of source device 102 and video decoder 300 of destination device 116 may be configured to apply the techniques for SPS sharing in video coding. Thus, source device 102 represents an example of a video encoding device, while destination device 116 represents an example of a video decoding device. In other examples, a source device and a destination device may include other components or arrangements. For example, source device 102 may receive video data from an external video source, such as an external camera. Likewise, destination device 116 may interface with an external display device, rather than include an integrated display device.

System 100 as shown in FIG. 1 is merely one example. In general, any digital video encoding and/or decoding device may perform techniques for SPS sharing. Source device 102 and destination device 116 are merely examples of such coding devices in which source device 102 generates coded video data for transmission to destination device 116. This disclosure refers to a “coding” device as a device that performs coding (encoding and/or decoding) of data. Thus, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 represent examples of coding devices, in particular, a video encoder and a video decoder, respectively. In some examples, source device 102 and destination device 116 may operate in a substantially symmetrical manner such that each of source device 102 and destination device 116 includes video encoding and decoding components. Hence, system 100 may support one-way or two-way video transmission between source device 102 and destination device 116, e.g., for video streaming, video playback, video broadcasting, or video telephony.

In general, video source 104 represents a source of video data (i.e., raw, unencoded video data) and provides a sequential series of pictures (also referred to as “frames”) of the video data to video encoder 200, which encodes data for the pictures. Video source 104 of source device 102 may include a video capture device, such as a video camera, a video archive containing previously captured raw video, and/or a video feed interface to receive video from a video content provider. As a further alternative, video source 104 may generate computer graphics-based data as the source video, or a combination of live video, archived video, and computer-generated video. In each case, video encoder 200 encodes the captured, pre-captured, or computer-generated video data. Video encoder 200 may rearrange the pictures from the received order (sometimes referred to as “display order”) into a coding order for coding. Video encoder 200 may generate a bitstream including encoded video data. Source device 102 may then output the encoded video data via output interface 108 onto computer-readable medium 110 for reception and/or retrieval by, e.g., input interface 122 of destination device 116.

Memory 106 of source device 102 and memory 120 of destination device 116 represent general purpose memories. In some examples, memories 106, 120 may store raw video data, e.g., raw video from video source 104 and raw, decoded video data from video decoder 300. Additionally or alternatively, memories 106, 120 may store software instructions executable by, e.g., video encoder 200 and video decoder 300, respectively. Although memory 106 and memory 120 are shown separately from video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 in this example, it should be understood that video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may also include internal memories for functionally similar or equivalent purposes. Furthermore, memories 106, 120 may store encoded video data, e.g., output from video encoder 200 and input to video decoder 300. In some examples, portions of memories 106, 120 may be allocated as one or more video buffers, e.g., to store raw, decoded, and/or encoded video data.

Computer-readable medium 110 may represent any type of medium or device capable of transporting the encoded video data from source device 102 to destination device 116. In one example, computer-readable medium 110 represents a communication medium to enable source device 102 to transmit encoded video data directly to destination device 116 in real-time, e.g., via a radio frequency network or computer-based network. Output interface 108 may demodulate a transmission signal including the encoded video data, and input interface 122 may demodulate the received transmission signal, according to a communication standard, such as a wireless communication protocol. The communication medium may comprise any wireless or wired communication medium, such as a radio frequency (RF) spectrum or one or more physical transmission lines. The communication medium may form part of a packet-based network, such as a local area network, a wide-area network, or a global network such as the Internet. The communication medium may include routers, switches, base stations, or any other equipment that may be useful to facilitate communication from source device 102 to destination device 116.

In some examples, source device 102 may output encoded data from output interface 108 to storage device 112. Similarly, destination device 116 may access encoded data from storage device 112 via input interface 122. Storage device 112 may include any of a variety of distributed or locally accessed data storage media such as a hard drive, Blu-ray discs, DVDs, CD-ROMs, flash memory, volatile or non-volatile memory, or any other suitable digital storage media for storing encoded video data.

In some examples, source device 102 may output encoded video data to file server 114 or another intermediate storage device that may store the encoded video data generated by source device 102. Destination device 116 may access stored video data from file server 114 via streaming or download. File server 114 may be any type of server device capable of storing encoded video data and transmitting that encoded video data to the destination device 116. File server 114 may represent a web server (e.g., for a website), a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server, a content delivery network device, or a network attached storage (NAS) device. Destination device 116 may access encoded video data from file server 114 through any standard data connection, including an Internet connection. This may include a wireless channel (e.g., a Wi-Fi connection), a wired connection (e.g., digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modem, etc.), or a combination of both that is suitable for accessing encoded video data stored on file server 114. File server 114 and input interface 122 may be configured to operate according to a streaming transmission protocol, a download transmission protocol, or a combination thereof.

Output interface 108 and input interface 122 may represent wireless transmitters/receivers, modems, wired networking components (e.g., Ethernet cards), wireless communication components that operate according to any of a variety of IEEE 802.11 standards, or other physical components. In examples where output interface 108 and input interface 122 comprise wireless components, output interface 108 and input interface 122 may be configured to transfer data, such as encoded video data, according to a cellular communication standard, such as 4G, 4G-LTE (Long-Term Evolution), LTE Advanced, 5G, or the like. In some examples where output interface 108 comprises a wireless transmitter, output interface 108 and input interface 122 may be configured to transfer data, such as encoded video data, according to other wireless standards, such as an IEEE 802.11 specification, an IEEE 802.15 specification (e.g., ZigBee™), a Bluetooth™ standard, or the like. In some examples, source device 102 and/or destination device 116 may include respective system-on-a-chip (SoC) devices. For example, source device 102 may include an SoC device to perform the functionality attributed to video encoder 200 and/or output interface 108, and destination device 116 may include an SoC device to perform the functionality attributed to video decoder 300 and/or input interface 122.

The techniques of this disclosure may be applied to video coding in support of any of a variety of multimedia applications, such as over-the-air television broadcasts, cable television transmissions, satellite television transmissions, Internet streaming video transmissions, such as dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH), digital video that is encoded onto a data storage medium, decoding of digital video stored on a data storage medium, or other applications.

Input interface 122 of destination device 116 receives an encoded video bitstream from computer-readable medium 110 (e.g., a communication medium, storage device 112, file server 114, or the like). The encoded video bitstream may include signaling information defined by video encoder 200, which is also used by video decoder 300, such as syntax elements having values that describe characteristics and/or processing of video blocks or other coded units (e.g., slices, pictures, groups of pictures, sequences, or the like). Display device 118 displays decoded pictures of the decoded video data to a user. Display device 118 may represent any of a variety of display devices such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, or another type of display device.

Although not shown in FIG. 1, in some examples, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may each be integrated with an audio encoder and/or audio decoder, and may include appropriate MUX-DEMUX units, or other hardware and/or software, to handle multiplexed streams including both audio and video in a common data stream. If applicable, MUX-DEMUX units may conform to the ITU H.223 multiplexer protocol, or other protocols such as the user datagram protocol (UDP).

Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 each may be implemented as any of a variety of suitable encoder and/or decoder circuitry, such as one or more microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), discrete logic, software, hardware, firmware or any combinations thereof. When the techniques are implemented partially in software, a device may store instructions for the software in a suitable, non-transitory computer-readable medium and execute the instructions in hardware using one or more processors to perform the techniques of this disclosure. Each of video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be included in one or more encoders or decoders, either of which may be integrated as part of a combined encoder/decoder (CODEC) in a respective device. A device including video encoder 200 and/or video decoder 300 may comprise an integrated circuit, a microprocessor, and/or a wireless communication device, such as a cellular telephone.

Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may operate according to a video coding standard, such as ITU-T H.265, also referred to as High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) or extensions thereto, such as the multi-view and/or scalable video coding extensions. Alternatively, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may operate according to other proprietary or industry standards, such as ITU-T H.266, also referred to as Versatile Video Coding (VVC). A recent draft of the VVC standard is described in Bross, et al. “Versatile Video Coding (Draft 8),” Joint Video Experts Team (WET) of ITU-T SG 16 WP 3 and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11, 17^(th) Meeting: Brussels, BE, 7-17 Jan. 2020, WET-Q2001-vC (hereinafter “VVC Draft 8”). The techniques of this disclosure, however, are not limited to any particular coding standard.

In general, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may perform block-based coding of pictures. The term “block” generally refers to a structure including data to be processed (e.g., encoded, decoded, or otherwise used in the encoding and/or decoding process). For example, a block may include a two-dimensional matrix of samples of luminance and/or chrominance data. In general, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may code video data represented in a YUV (e.g., Y, Cb, Cr) format. That is, rather than coding red, green, and blue (RGB) data for samples of a picture, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may code luminance and chrominance components, where the chrominance components may include both red hue and blue hue chrominance components. In some examples, video encoder 200 converts received RGB formatted data to a YUV representation prior to encoding, and video decoder 300 converts the YUV representation to the RGB format. Alternatively, pre- and post-processing units (not shown) may perform these conversions.

This disclosure may generally refer to coding (e.g., encoding and decoding) of pictures to include the process of encoding or decoding data of the picture. Similarly, this disclosure may refer to coding of blocks of a picture to include the process of encoding or decoding data for the blocks, e.g., prediction and/or residual coding. An encoded video bitstream generally includes a series of values for syntax elements representative of coding decisions (e.g., coding modes) and partitioning of pictures into blocks. Thus, references to coding a picture or a block should generally be understood as coding values for syntax elements forming the picture or block.

HEVC defines various blocks, including coding units (CUs), prediction units (PUs), and transform units (TUs). According to HEVC, a video coder (such as video encoder 200) partitions a coding tree unit (CTU) into CUs according to a quadtree structure. That is, the video coder partitions CTUs and CUs into four equal, non-overlapping squares, and each node of the quadtree has either zero or four child nodes. Nodes without child nodes may be referred to as “leaf nodes,” and CUs of such leaf nodes may include one or more PUs and/or one or more TUs. The video coder may further partition PUs and TUs. For example, in HEVC, a residual quadtree (RQT) represents partitioning of TUs. In HEVC, PUs represent inter-prediction data, while TUs represent residual data. CUs that are intra-predicted include intra-prediction information, such as an intra-mode indication.

As another example, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to operate according to VVC. According to VVC, a video coder (such as video encoder 200) partitions a picture into a plurality of coding tree units (CTUs). Video encoder 200 may partition a CTU according to a tree structure, such as a quadtree-binary tree (QTBT) structure or Multi-Type Tree (MTT) structure. The QTBT structure removes the concepts of multiple partition types, such as the separation between CUs, PUs, and TUs of HEVC. A QTBT structure includes two levels: a first level partitioned according to quadtree partitioning, and a second level partitioned according to binary tree partitioning. A root node of the QTBT structure corresponds to a CTU. Leaf nodes of the binary trees correspond to coding units (CUs).

In an MTT partitioning structure, blocks may be partitioned using a quadtree (QT) partition, a binary tree (BT) partition, and one or more types of triple tree (TT) (also called ternary tree (TT)) partitions. A triple or ternary tree partition is a partition where a block is split into three sub-blocks. In some examples, a triple or ternary tree partition divides a block into three sub-blocks without dividing the original block through the center. The partitioning types in MTT (e.g., QT, BT, and TT), may be symmetrical or asymmetrical.

In some examples, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may use a single QTBT or MTT structure to represent each of the luminance and chrominance components, while in other examples, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may use two or more QTBT or MTT structures, such as one QTBT/MTT structure for the luminance component and another QTBT/MTT structure for both chrominance components (or two QTBT/MTT structures for respective chrominance components).

Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to use quadtree partitioning per HEVC, QTBT partitioning, MTT partitioning, or other partitioning structures. For purposes of explanation, the description of the techniques of this disclosure is presented with respect to QTBT partitioning. However, it should be understood that the techniques of this disclosure may also be applied to video coders configured to use quadtree partitioning, or other types of partitioning as well.

The blocks (e.g., CTUs or CUs) may be grouped in various ways in a picture. As one example, a brick may refer to a rectangular region of CTU rows within a particular tile in a picture. A tile may be a rectangular region of CTUs within a particular tile column and a particular tile row in a picture. A tile column refers to a rectangular region of CTUs having a height equal to the height of the picture and a width specified by syntax elements (e.g., such as in a picture parameter set). A tile row refers to a rectangular region of CTUs having a height specified by syntax elements (e.g., such as in a picture parameter set) and a width equal to the width of the picture.

In some examples, a tile may be partitioned into multiple bricks, each of which may include one or more CTU rows within the tile. A tile that is not partitioned into multiple bricks may also be referred to as a brick. However, a brick that is a true subset of a tile may not be referred to as a tile.

The bricks in a picture may also be arranged in a slice. A slice may be an integer number of bricks of a picture that may be exclusively contained in a single network abstraction layer (NAL) unit. In some examples, a slice includes either a number of complete tiles or only a consecutive sequence of complete bricks of one tile.

This disclosure may use “N×N” and “N by N” interchangeably to refer to the sample dimensions of a block (such as a CU or other video block) in terms of vertical and horizontal dimensions, e.g., 16×16 samples or 16 by 16 samples. In general, a 16×16 CU will have 16 samples in a vertical direction (y=16) and 16 samples in a horizontal direction (x=16). Likewise, an N×N CU generally has N samples in a vertical direction and N samples in a horizontal direction, where N represents a nonnegative integer value. The samples in a CU may be arranged in rows and columns. Moreover, CUs need not necessarily have the same number of samples in the horizontal direction as in the vertical direction. For example, CUs may comprise N×M samples, where M is not necessarily equal to N.

Video encoder 200 encodes video data for CUs representing prediction and/or residual information, and other information. The prediction information indicates how the CU is to be predicted in order to form a prediction block for the CU. The residual information generally represents sample-by-sample differences between samples of the CU prior to encoding and the prediction block.

To predict a CU, video encoder 200 may generally form a prediction block for the CU through inter-prediction or intra-prediction. Inter-prediction generally refers to predicting the CU from data of a previously coded picture, whereas intra-prediction generally refers to predicting the CU from previously coded data of the same picture. To perform inter-prediction, video encoder 200 may generate the prediction block using one or more motion vectors. Video encoder 200 may generally perform a motion search to identify a reference block that closely matches the CU, e.g., in terms of differences between the CU and the reference block. Video encoder 200 may calculate a difference metric using a sum of absolute difference (SAD), sum of squared differences (SSD), mean absolute difference (MAD), mean squared differences (MSD), or other such difference calculations to determine whether a reference block closely matches the current CU. In some examples, video encoder 200 may predict the current CU using uni-directional prediction or bi-directional prediction.

Some examples of VVC also provide an affine motion compensation mode, which may be considered an inter-prediction mode. In affine motion compensation mode, video encoder 200 may determine two or more motion vectors that represent non-translational motion, such as zoom in or out, rotation, perspective motion, or other irregular motion types.

To perform intra-prediction, video encoder 200 may select an intra-prediction mode to generate the prediction block. Some examples of VVC provide sixty-seven intra-prediction modes, including various directional modes, as well as planar mode and DC mode. In general, video encoder 200 selects an intra-prediction mode that describes neighboring samples to a current block (e.g., a block of a CU) from which to predict samples of the current block. Such samples may generally be above, above and to the left, or to the left of the current block in the same picture as the current block, assuming video encoder 200 codes CTUs and CUs in raster scan order (left to right, top to bottom).

Video encoder 200 encodes data representing the prediction mode for a current block. For example, for inter-prediction modes, video encoder 200 may encode data representing which of the various available inter-prediction modes is used, as well as motion information for the corresponding mode. For uni-directional or bi-directional inter-prediction, for example, video encoder 200 may encode motion vectors using advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP) or merge mode. Video encoder 200 may use similar modes to encode motion vectors for affine motion compensation mode.

Following prediction, such as intra-prediction or inter-prediction of a block, video encoder 200 may calculate residual data for the block. The residual data, such as a residual block, represents sample by sample differences between the block and a prediction block for the block, formed using the corresponding prediction mode. Video encoder 200 may apply one or more transforms to the residual block, to produce transformed data in a transform domain instead of the sample domain. For example, video encoder 200 may apply a discrete cosine transform (DCT), an integer transform, a wavelet transform, or a conceptually similar transform to residual video data. Additionally, video encoder 200 may apply a secondary transform following the first transform, such as a mode-dependent non-separable secondary transform (MDNSST), a signal dependent transform, a Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), or the like. Video encoder 200 produces transform coefficients following application of the one or more transforms.

As noted above, following any transforms to produce transform coefficients, video encoder 200 may perform quantization of the transform coefficients. Quantization generally refers to a process in which transform coefficients are quantized to possibly reduce the amount of data used to represent the transform coefficients, providing further compression. By performing the quantization process, video encoder 200 may reduce the bit depth associated with some or all of the transform coefficients. For example, video encoder 200 may round an n-bit value down to an m-bit value during quantization, where n is greater than m. In some examples, to perform quantization, video encoder 200 may perform a bitwise right-shift of the value to be quantized.

Following quantization, video encoder 200 may scan the transform coefficients, producing a one-dimensional vector from the two-dimensional matrix including the quantized transform coefficients. The scan may be designed to place higher energy (and therefore lower frequency) transform coefficients at the front of the vector and to place lower energy (and therefore higher frequency) transform coefficients at the back of the vector. In some examples, video encoder 200 may utilize a predefined scan order to scan the quantized transform coefficients to produce a serialized vector, and then entropy encode the quantized transform coefficients of the vector. In other examples, video encoder 200 may perform an adaptive scan. After scanning the quantized transform coefficients to form the one-dimensional vector, video encoder 200 may entropy encode the one-dimensional vector, e.g., according to context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC). Video encoder 200 may also entropy encode values for syntax elements describing metadata associated with the encoded video data for use by video decoder 300 in decoding the video data.

To perform CABAC, video encoder 200 may assign a context within a context model to a symbol to be transmitted. The context may relate to, for example, whether neighboring values of the symbol are zero-valued or not. The probability determination may be based on a context assigned to the symbol.

Video encoder 200 may further generate syntax data, such as block-based syntax data, picture-based syntax data, and sequence-based syntax data, to video decoder 300, e.g., in a picture header, a block header, a slice header, or other syntax data, such as a sequence parameter set (SPS), picture parameter set (PPS), or video parameter set (VPS). Video decoder 300 may likewise decode such syntax data to determine how to decode corresponding video data.

In this manner, video encoder 200 may generate a bitstream including encoded video data, e.g., syntax elements describing partitioning of a picture into blocks (e.g., CUs) and prediction and/or residual information for the blocks. Ultimately, video decoder 300 may receive the bitstream and decode the encoded video data.

In general, video decoder 300 performs a reciprocal process to that performed by video encoder 200 to decode the encoded video data of the bitstream. For example, video decoder 300 may decode values for syntax elements of the bitstream using CABAC in a manner substantially similar to, albeit reciprocal to, the CABAC encoding process of video encoder 200. The syntax elements may define partitioning information for partitioning of a picture into CTUs, and partitioning of each CTU according to a corresponding partition structure, such as a QTBT structure, to define CUs of the CTU. The syntax elements may further define prediction and residual information for blocks (e.g., CUs) of video data.

The residual information may be represented by, for example, quantized transform coefficients. Video decoder 300 may inverse quantize and inverse transform the quantized transform coefficients of a block to reproduce a residual block for the block. Video decoder 300 uses a signaled prediction mode (intra- or inter-prediction) and related prediction information (e.g., motion information for inter-prediction) to form a prediction block for the block. Video decoder 300 may then combine the prediction block and the residual block (on a sample-by-sample basis) to reproduce the original block. Video decoder 300 may perform additional processing, such as performing a deblocking process to reduce visual artifacts along boundaries of the block.

In accordance with the techniques of this disclosure, a method includes determining whether a picture of video data is an intra random access picture (TRAP), determining whether all layers of the picture are independent, based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determining a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture, and coding the picture without using inter slice prediction.

In accordance with the techniques of this disclosure a device includes memory configured to store video data; and one or more processors implemented in circuitry and communicatively coupled to the memory, the one or more processors being configured to: determine whether a picture of the video data is an intra random access picture (IRAP); determine whether all layers of the picture are independent; based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture; and code the picture without using inter slice prediction.

In accordance with the techniques of this disclosure a computer-readable storage medium is encoded with instructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors to determine whether a picture of the video data is an intra random access picture (IRAP), determine whether all layers of the picture are independent, based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture, and code the picture without using inter slice prediction.

In accordance with the techniques of this disclosure a device includes means for determining whether a picture of the video data is an intra random access picture (IRAP), means for determining whether all layers of the picture are independent, means for determining a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, and means for coding the picture without using inter slice prediction.

This disclosure may generally refer to “signaling” certain information, such as syntax elements. The term “signaling” may generally refer to the communication of values for syntax elements and/or other data used to decode encoded video data. That is, video encoder 200 may signal values for syntax elements in the bitstream. In general, signaling refers to generating a value in the bitstream. As noted above, source device 102 may transport the bitstream to destination device 116 substantially in real time, or not in real time, such as might occur when storing syntax elements to storage device 112 for later retrieval by destination device 116.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are conceptual diagrams illustrating an example quadtree binary tree (QTBT) structure 130, and a corresponding coding tree unit (CTU) 132. The solid lines represent quadtree splitting, and dotted lines indicate binary tree splitting. In each split (i.e., non-leaf) node of the binary tree, one flag is signaled to indicate which splitting type (i.e., horizontal or vertical) is used, where 0 indicates horizontal splitting and 1 indicates vertical splitting in this example. For the quadtree splitting, there is no need to indicate the splitting type, because quadtree nodes split a block horizontally and vertically into 4 sub-blocks with equal size. Accordingly, video encoder 200 may encode, and video decoder 300 may decode, syntax elements (such as splitting information) for a region tree level of QTBT structure 130 (i.e., the solid lines) and syntax elements (such as splitting information) for a prediction tree level of QTBT structure 130 (i.e., the dashed lines). Video encoder 200 may encode, and video decoder 300 may decode, video data, such as prediction and transform data, for CUs represented by terminal leaf nodes of QTBT structure 130.

In general, CTU 132 of FIG. 2B may be associated with parameters defining sizes of blocks corresponding to nodes of QTBT structure 130 at the first and second levels. These parameters may include a CTU size (representing a size of CTU 132 in samples), a minimum quadtree size (MinQTSize, representing a minimum allowed quadtree leaf node size), a maximum binary tree size (MaxBTSize, representing a maximum allowed binary tree root node size), a maximum binary tree depth (MaxBTDepth, representing a maximum allowed binary tree depth), and a minimum binary tree size (MinBTSize, representing the minimum allowed binary tree leaf node size).

The root node of a QTBT structure corresponding to a CTU may have four child nodes at the first level of the QTBT structure, each of which may be partitioned according to quadtree partitioning. That is, nodes of the first level are either leaf nodes (having no child nodes) or have four child nodes. The example of QTBT structure 130 represents such nodes as including the parent node and child nodes having solid lines for branches. If nodes of the first level are not larger than the maximum allowed binary tree root node size (MaxBTSize), then the nodes can be further partitioned by respective binary trees. The binary tree splitting of one node can be iterated until the nodes resulting from the split reach the minimum allowed binary tree leaf node size (MinBTSize) or the maximum allowed binary tree depth (MaxBTDepth). The example of QTBT structure 130 represents such nodes as having dashed lines for branches. The binary tree leaf node is referred to as a coding unit (CU), which is used for prediction (e.g., intra-picture or inter-picture prediction) and transform, without any further partitioning. As discussed above, CUs may also be referred to as “video blocks” or “blocks.”

In one example of the QTBT partitioning structure, the CTU size is set as 128×128 (luma samples and two corresponding 64×64 chroma samples), the MinQTSize is set as 16×16, the MaxBTSize is set as 64×64, the MinBTSize (for both width and height) is set as 4, and the MaxBTDepth is set as 4. The quadtree partitioning is applied to the CTU first to generate quad-tree leaf nodes. The quadtree leaf nodes may have a size from 16×16 (i.e., the MinQTSize) to 128×128 (i.e., the CTU size). If the quadtree leaf node is 128×128, the leaf quadtree node will not be further split by the binary tree, because the size exceeds the MaxBTSize (i.e., 64×64, in this example).

Otherwise, the quadtree leaf node will be further partitioned by the binary tree. Therefore, the quadtree leaf node is also the root node for the binary tree and has the binary tree depth as 0. When the binary tree depth reaches MaxBTDepth (4, in this example), no further splitting is permitted. When the binary tree node has a width equal to MinBTSize (4, in this example), it implies that no further vertical splitting is permitted. Similarly, a binary tree node having a height equal to MinBTSize implies that no further horizontal splitting is permitted for that binary tree node. As noted above, leaf nodes of the binary tree are referred to as CUs, and are further processed according to prediction and transform without further partitioning.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoder 200 that may perform the techniques of this disclosure. FIG. 3 is provided for purposes of explanation and should not be considered limiting of the techniques as broadly exemplified and described in this disclosure. For purposes of explanation, this disclosure describes video encoder 200 according to the techniques of VVC (ITU-T H.266, under development), and HEVC (ITU-T H.265). However, the techniques of this disclosure may be performed by video encoding devices that are configured to other video coding standards.

In the example of FIG. 3, video encoder 200 includes video data memory 230, mode selection unit 202, residual generation unit 204, transform processing unit 206, quantization unit 208, inverse quantization unit 210, inverse transform processing unit 212, reconstruction unit 214, filter unit 216, decoded picture buffer (DPB) 218, and entropy encoding unit 220. Any or all of video data memory 230, mode selection unit 202, residual generation unit 204, transform processing unit 206, quantization unit 208, inverse quantization unit 210, inverse transform processing unit 212, reconstruction unit 214, filter unit 216, DPB 218, and entropy encoding unit 220 may be implemented in one or more processors or in processing circuitry. For instance, the units of video encoder 200 may be implemented as one or more circuits or logic elements as part of hardware circuitry, or as part of a processor, ASIC, of FPGA. Moreover, video encoder 200 may include additional or alternative processors or processing circuitry to perform these and other functions.

Video data memory 230 may store video data to be encoded by the components of video encoder 200. Video encoder 200 may receive the video data stored in video data memory 230 from, for example, video source 104 (FIG. 1). DPB 218 may act as a reference picture memory that stores reference video data for use in prediction of subsequent video data by video encoder 200. Video data memory 230 and DPB 218 may be formed by any of a variety of memory devices, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), including synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), or other types of memory devices. Video data memory 230 and DPB 218 may be provided by the same memory device or separate memory devices. In various examples, video data memory 230 may be on-chip with other components of video encoder 200, as illustrated, or off-chip relative to those components.

In this disclosure, reference to video data memory 230 should not be interpreted as being limited to memory internal to video encoder 200, unless specifically described as such, or memory external to video encoder 200, unless specifically described as such. Rather, reference to video data memory 230 should be understood as reference memory that stores video data that video encoder 200 receives for encoding (e.g., video data for a current block that is to be encoded). Memory 106 of FIG. 1 may also provide temporary storage of outputs from the various units of video encoder 200.

The various units of FIG. 3 are illustrated to assist with understanding the operations performed by video encoder 200. The units may be implemented as fixed-function circuits, programmable circuits, or a combination thereof. Fixed-function circuits refer to circuits that provide particular functionality, and are preset on the operations that can be performed. Programmable circuits refer to circuits that can be programmed to perform various tasks, and provide flexible functionality in the operations that can be performed. For instance, programmable circuits may execute software or firmware that cause the programmable circuits to operate in the manner defined by instructions of the software or firmware. Fixed-function circuits may execute software instructions (e.g., to receive parameters or output parameters), but the types of operations that the fixed-function circuits perform are generally immutable. In some examples, one or more of the units may be distinct circuit blocks (fixed-function or programmable), and in some examples, one or more of the units may be integrated circuits.

Video encoder 200 may include arithmetic logic units (ALUs), elementary function units (EFUs), digital circuits, analog circuits, and/or programmable cores, formed from programmable circuits. In examples where the operations of video encoder 200 are performed using software executed by the programmable circuits, memory 106 (FIG. 1) may store the instructions (e.g., object code) of the software that video encoder 200 receives and executes, or another memory within video encoder 200 (not shown) may store such instructions.

Video data memory 230 is configured to store received video data. Video encoder 200 may retrieve a picture of the video data from video data memory 230 and provide the video data to residual generation unit 204 and mode selection unit 202. Video data in video data memory 230 may be raw video data that is to be encoded.

Mode selection unit 202 includes a motion estimation unit 222, a motion compensation unit 224, and an intra-prediction unit 226. Mode selection unit 202 may include additional functional units to perform video prediction in accordance with other prediction modes. As examples, mode selection unit 202 may include a palette unit, an intra-block copy unit (which may be part of motion estimation unit 222 and/or motion compensation unit 224), an affine unit, a linear model (LM) unit, or the like.

Mode selection unit 202 generally coordinates multiple encoding passes to test combinations of encoding parameters and resulting rate-distortion values for such combinations. The encoding parameters may include partitioning of CTUs into CUs, prediction modes for the CUs, transform types for residual data of the CUs, quantization parameters for residual data of the CUs, and so on. Mode selection unit 202 may ultimately select the combination of encoding parameters having rate-distortion values that are better than the other tested combinations.

Video encoder 200 may partition a picture retrieved from video data memory 230 into a series of CTUs, and encapsulate one or more CTUs within a slice. Mode selection unit 202 may partition a CTU of the picture in accordance with a tree structure, such as the QTBT structure or the quad-tree structure of HEVC described above. As described above, video encoder 200 may form one or more CUs from partitioning a CTU according to the tree structure. Such a CU may also be referred to generally as a “video block” or “block.”

In general, mode selection unit 202 also controls the components thereof (e.g., motion estimation unit 222, motion compensation unit 224, and intra-prediction unit 226) to generate a prediction block for a current block (e.g., a current CU, or in HEVC, the overlapping portion of a PU and a TU). For inter-prediction of a current block, motion estimation unit 222 may perform a motion search to identify one or more closely matching reference blocks in one or more reference pictures (e.g., one or more previously coded pictures stored in DPB 218). In particular, motion estimation unit 222 may calculate a value representative of how similar a potential reference block is to the current block, e.g., according to sum of absolute difference (SAD), sum of squared differences (SSD), mean absolute difference (MAD), mean squared differences (MSD), or the like. Motion estimation unit 222 may generally perform these calculations using sample-by-sample differences between the current block and the reference block being considered. Motion estimation unit 222 may identify a reference block having a lowest value resulting from these calculations, indicating a reference block that most closely matches the current block.

Motion estimation unit 222 may form one or more motion vectors (MVs) that defines the positions of the reference blocks in the reference pictures relative to the position of the current block in a current picture. Motion estimation unit 222 may then provide the motion vectors to motion compensation unit 224. For example, for uni-directional inter-prediction, motion estimation unit 222 may provide a single motion vector, whereas for bi-directional inter-prediction, motion estimation unit 222 may provide two motion vectors. Motion compensation unit 224 may then generate a prediction block using the motion vectors. For example, motion compensation unit 224 may retrieve data of the reference block using the motion vector. As another example, if the motion vector has fractional sample precision, motion compensation unit 224 may interpolate values for the prediction block according to one or more interpolation filters. Moreover, for bi-directional inter-prediction, motion compensation unit 224 may retrieve data for two reference blocks identified by respective motion vectors and combine the retrieved data, e.g., through sample-by-sample averaging or weighted averaging.

As another example, for intra-prediction, or intra-prediction coding, intra-prediction unit 226 may generate the prediction block from samples neighboring the current block. For example, for directional modes, intra-prediction unit 226 may generally mathematically combine values of neighboring samples and populate these calculated values in the defined direction across the current block to produce the prediction block. As another example, for DC mode, intra-prediction unit 226 may calculate an average of the neighboring samples to the current block and generate the prediction block to include this resulting average for each sample of the prediction block.

In some examples, according to the techniques of this disclosure, mode selection unit 202 may determine whether a picture of the video data is an TRAP and determine whether all layers of the picture are independent. Mode selection unit 202 may also, based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice is not allowed in the picture and/or encode the picture without using inter slice prediction.

Mode selection unit 202 provides the prediction block to residual generation unit 204. Residual generation unit 204 receives a raw, unencoded version of the current block from video data memory 230 and the prediction block from mode selection unit 202. Residual generation unit 204 calculates sample-by-sample differences between the current block and the prediction block. The resulting sample-by-sample differences define a residual block for the current block. In some examples, residual generation unit 204 may also determine differences between sample values in the residual block to generate a residual block using residual differential pulse code modulation (RDPCM). In some examples, residual generation unit 204 may be formed using one or more subtractor circuits that perform binary subtraction.

In examples where mode selection unit 202 partitions CUs into PUs, each PU may be associated with a luma prediction unit and corresponding chroma prediction units. Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may support PUs having various sizes. As indicated above, the size of a CU may refer to the size of the luma coding block of the CU and the size of a PU may refer to the size of a luma prediction unit of the PU. Assuming that the size of a particular CU is 2N×2N, video encoder 200 may support PU sizes of 2N×2N or N×N for intra prediction, and symmetric PU sizes of 2N×2N, 2N×N, N×2N, N×N, or similar for inter prediction. Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may also support asymmetric partitioning for PU sizes of 2N×nU, 2N×nD, nL×2N, and nR×2N for inter prediction.

In examples where mode selection unit 202 does not further partition a CU into PUs, each CU may be associated with a luma coding block and corresponding chroma coding blocks. As above, the size of a CU may refer to the size of the luma coding block of the CU. The video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may support CU sizes of 2N×2N, 2N×N, or N×2N.

For other video coding techniques such as an intra-block copy mode coding, an affine-mode coding, and linear model (LM) mode coding, as a few examples, mode selection unit 202, via respective units associated with the coding techniques, generates a prediction block for the current block being encoded. In some examples, such as palette mode coding, mode selection unit 202 may not generate a prediction block, and instead generate syntax elements that indicate the manner in which to reconstruct the block based on a selected palette. In such modes, mode selection unit 202 may provide these syntax elements to entropy encoding unit 220 to be encoded.

As described above, residual generation unit 204 receives the video data for the current block and the corresponding prediction block. Residual generation unit 204 then generates a residual block for the current block. To generate the residual block, residual generation unit 204 calculates sample-by-sample differences between the prediction block and the current block.

Transform processing unit 206 applies one or more transforms to the residual block to generate a block of transform coefficients (referred to herein as a “transform coefficient block”). Transform processing unit 206 may apply various transforms to a residual block to form the transform coefficient block. For example, transform processing unit 206 may apply a discrete cosine transform (DCT), a directional transform, a Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), or a conceptually similar transform to a residual block. In some examples, transform processing unit 206 may perform multiple transforms to a residual block, e.g., a primary transform and a secondary transform, such as a rotational transform. In some examples, transform processing unit 206 does not apply transforms to a residual block.

Quantization unit 208 may quantize the transform coefficients in a transform coefficient block, to produce a quantized transform coefficient block. Quantization unit 208 may quantize transform coefficients of a transform coefficient block according to a quantization parameter (QP) value associated with the current block. Video encoder 200 (e.g., via mode selection unit 202) may adjust the degree of quantization applied to the transform coefficient blocks associated with the current block by adjusting the QP value associated with the CU. Quantization may introduce loss of information, and thus, quantized transform coefficients may have lower precision than the original transform coefficients produced by transform processing unit 206.

Inverse quantization unit 210 and inverse transform processing unit 212 may apply inverse quantization and inverse transforms to a quantized transform coefficient block, respectively, to reconstruct a residual block from the transform coefficient block. Reconstruction unit 214 may produce a reconstructed block corresponding to the current block (albeit potentially with some degree of distortion) based on the reconstructed residual block and a prediction block generated by mode selection unit 202. For example, reconstruction unit 214 may add samples of the reconstructed residual block to corresponding samples from the prediction block generated by mode selection unit 202 to produce the reconstructed block.

Filter unit 216 may perform one or more filter operations on reconstructed blocks. For example, filter unit 216 may perform deblocking operations to reduce blockiness artifacts along edges of CUs. Operations of filter unit 216 may be skipped, in some examples.

Video encoder 200 stores reconstructed blocks in DPB 218. For instance, in examples where operations of filter unit 216 are not needed, reconstruction unit 214 may store reconstructed blocks to DPB 218. In examples where operations of filter unit 216 are needed, filter unit 216 may store the filtered reconstructed blocks to DPB 218. Motion estimation unit 222 and motion compensation unit 224 may retrieve a reference picture from DPB 218, formed from the reconstructed (and potentially filtered) blocks, to inter-predict blocks of subsequently encoded pictures. In addition, intra-prediction unit 226 may use reconstructed blocks in DPB 218 of a current picture to intra-predict other blocks in the current picture.

In general, entropy encoding unit 220 may entropy encode syntax elements received from other functional components of video encoder 200. For example, entropy encoding unit 220 may entropy encode quantized transform coefficient blocks from quantization unit 208. As another example, entropy encoding unit 220 may entropy encode prediction syntax elements (e.g., motion information for inter-prediction or intra-mode information for intra-prediction) from mode selection unit 202. Entropy encoding unit 220 may perform one or more entropy encoding operations on the syntax elements, which are another example of video data, to generate entropy-encoded data. For example, entropy encoding unit 220 may perform a context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) operation, a CABAC operation, a variable-to-variable (V2V) length coding operation, a syntax-based context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (SBAC) operation, a Probability Interval Partitioning Entropy (PIPE) coding operation, an Exponential-Golomb encoding operation, or another type of entropy encoding operation on the data. In some examples, entropy encoding unit 220 may operate in bypass mode where syntax elements are not entropy encoded.

Video encoder 200 may output a bitstream that includes the entropy encoded syntax elements needed to reconstruct blocks of a slice or picture. In particular, entropy encoding unit 220 may output the bitstream.

The operations described above are described with respect to a block. Such description should be understood as being operations for a luma coding block and/or chroma coding blocks. As described above, in some examples, the luma coding block and chroma coding blocks are luma and chroma components of a CU. In some examples, the luma coding block and the chroma coding blocks are luma and chroma components of a PU.

In some examples, operations performed with respect to a luma coding block need not be repeated for the chroma coding blocks. As one example, operations to identify a motion vector (MV) and reference picture for a luma coding block need not be repeated for identifying an MV and reference picture for the chroma blocks. Rather, the MV for the luma coding block may be scaled to determine the MV for the chroma blocks, and the reference picture may be the same. As another example, the intra-prediction process may be the same for the luma coding block and the chroma coding blocks.

Video encoder 200 represents an example of a device configured to encode video data including memory configured to store video data and one or more processors implemented in circuitry and communicatively coupled to the memory, the one or more processors being configured to: determine whether a picture of the video data is an intra random access picture (IRAP); determine whether all layers of the picture are independent; based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture; and encode the picture without using inter slice prediction.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example video decoder 300 that may perform the techniques of this disclosure. FIG. 4 is provided for purposes of explanation and is not limiting on the techniques as broadly exemplified and described in this disclosure. For purposes of explanation, this disclosure describes video decoder 300 according to the techniques of VVC (ITU-T H.266, under development), and HEVC (ITU-T H.265). However, the techniques of this disclosure may be performed by video coding devices that are configured to other video coding standards.

In the example of FIG. 4, video decoder 300 includes coded picture buffer (CPB) memory 320, entropy decoding unit 302, prediction processing unit 304, inverse quantization unit 306, inverse transform processing unit 308, reconstruction unit 310, filter unit 312, and decoded picture buffer (DPB) 314. Any or all of CPB memory 320, entropy decoding unit 302, prediction processing unit 304, inverse quantization unit 306, inverse transform processing unit 308, reconstruction unit 310, filter unit 312, and DPB 314 may be implemented in one or more processors or in processing circuitry. For instance, the units of video decoder 300 may be implemented as one or more circuits or logic elements as part of hardware circuitry, or as part of a processor, ASIC, of FPGA. Moreover, video decoder 300 may include additional or alternative processors or processing circuitry to perform these and other functions.

Prediction processing unit 304 includes motion compensation unit 316 and intra-prediction unit 318. Prediction processing unit 304 may include additional units to perform prediction in accordance with other prediction modes. As examples, prediction processing unit 304 may include a palette unit, an intra-block copy unit (which may form part of motion compensation unit 316), an affine unit, a linear model (LM) unit, or the like. In other examples, video decoder 300 may include more, fewer, or different functional components.

CPB memory 320 may store video data, such as an encoded video bitstream, to be decoded by the components of video decoder 300. The video data stored in CPB memory 320 may be obtained, for example, from computer-readable medium 110 (FIG. 1). CPB memory 320 may include a CPB that stores encoded video data (e.g., syntax elements) from an encoded video bitstream. Also, CPB memory 320 may store video data other than syntax elements of a coded picture, such as temporary data representing outputs from the various units of video decoder 300. DPB 314 generally stores decoded pictures, which video decoder 300 may output and/or use as reference video data when decoding subsequent data or pictures of the encoded video bitstream. CPB memory 320 and DPB 314 may be formed by any of a variety of memory devices, such as DRAM, including SDRAM, MRAM, RRAM, or other types of memory devices. CPB memory 320 and DPB 314 may be provided by the same memory device or separate memory devices. In various examples, CPB memory 320 may be on-chip with other components of video decoder 300, or off-chip relative to those components.

Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, video decoder 300 may retrieve coded video data from memory 120 (FIG. 1). That is, memory 120 may store data as discussed above with CPB memory 320. Likewise, memory 120 may store instructions to be executed by video decoder 300, when some or all of the functionality of video decoder 300 is implemented in software to be executed by processing circuitry of video decoder 300.

The various units shown in FIG. 4 are illustrated to assist with understanding the operations performed by video decoder 300. The units may be implemented as fixed-function circuits, programmable circuits, or a combination thereof. Similar to FIG. 3, fixed-function circuits refer to circuits that provide particular functionality, and are preset on the operations that can be performed. Programmable circuits refer to circuits that can be programmed to perform various tasks, and provide flexible functionality in the operations that can be performed. For instance, programmable circuits may execute software or firmware that cause the programmable circuits to operate in the manner defined by instructions of the software or firmware. Fixed-function circuits may execute software instructions (e.g., to receive parameters or output parameters), but the types of operations that the fixed-function circuits perform are generally immutable. In some examples, one or more of the units may be distinct circuit blocks (fixed-function or programmable), and in some examples, one or more of the units may be integrated circuits.

Video decoder 300 may include ALUs, EFUs, digital circuits, analog circuits, and/or programmable cores formed from programmable circuits. In examples where the operations of video decoder 300 are performed by software executing on the programmable circuits, on-chip or off-chip memory may store instructions (e.g., object code) of the software that video decoder 300 receives and executes.

Entropy decoding unit 302 may receive encoded video data from the CPB and entropy decode the video data to reproduce syntax elements. Prediction processing unit 304, inverse quantization unit 306, inverse transform processing unit 308, reconstruction unit 310, and filter unit 312 may generate decoded video data based on the syntax elements extracted from the bitstream.

In general, video decoder 300 reconstructs a picture on a block-by-block basis. Video decoder 300 may perform a reconstruction operation on each block individually (where the block currently being reconstructed, i.e., decoded, may be referred to as a “current block”).

Entropy decoding unit 302 may entropy decode syntax elements defining quantized transform coefficients of a quantized transform coefficient block, as well as transform information, such as a quantization parameter (QP) and/or transform mode indication(s). Inverse quantization unit 306 may use the QP associated with the quantized transform coefficient block to determine a degree of quantization and, likewise, a degree of inverse quantization for inverse quantization unit 306 to apply. Inverse quantization unit 306 may, for example, perform a bitwise left-shift operation to inverse quantize the quantized transform coefficients. Inverse quantization unit 306 may thereby form a transform coefficient block including transform coefficients.

After inverse quantization unit 306 forms the transform coefficient block, inverse transform processing unit 308 may apply one or more inverse transforms to the transform coefficient block to generate a residual block associated with the current block. For example, inverse transform processing unit 308 may apply an inverse DCT, an inverse integer transform, an inverse Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), an inverse rotational transform, an inverse directional transform, or another inverse transform to the transform coefficient block.

Furthermore, prediction processing unit 304 generates a prediction block according to prediction information syntax elements that were entropy decoded by entropy decoding unit 302. For example, if the prediction information syntax elements indicate that the current block is inter-predicted, motion compensation unit 316 may generate the prediction block. In this case, the prediction information syntax elements may indicate a reference picture in DPB 314 from which to retrieve a reference block, as well as a motion vector identifying a location of the reference block in the reference picture relative to the location of the current block in the current picture. Motion compensation unit 316 may generally perform the inter-prediction process in a manner that is substantially similar to that described with respect to motion compensation unit 224 (FIG. 3).

In some examples, according to the techniques of this disclosure, prediction processing unit 304 may determine whether a picture of the video data is an IRAP and determine whether all layers of the picture are independent. Prediction processing unit 304 may also, based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice is not allowed in the picture and/or encode the picture without using inter slice prediction.

As another example, if the prediction information syntax elements indicate that the current block is intra-predicted, intra-prediction unit 318 may generate the prediction block according to an intra-prediction mode indicated by the prediction information syntax elements. Again, intra-prediction unit 318 may generally perform the intra-prediction process in a manner that is substantially similar to that described with respect to intra-prediction unit 226 (FIG. 3). Intra-prediction unit 318 may retrieve data of neighboring samples to the current block from DPB 314.

Reconstruction unit 310 may reconstruct the current block using the prediction block and the residual block. For example, reconstruction unit 310 may add samples of the residual block to corresponding samples of the prediction block to reconstruct the current block.

Filter unit 312 may perform one or more filter operations on reconstructed blocks. For example, filter unit 312 may perform deblocking operations to reduce blockiness artifacts along edges of the reconstructed blocks. Operations of filter unit 312 are not necessarily performed in all examples.

Video decoder 300 may store the reconstructed blocks in DPB 314. For instance, in examples where operations of filter unit 312 are not performed, reconstruction unit 310 may store reconstructed blocks to DPB 314. In examples where operations of filter unit 312 are performed, filter unit 312 may store the filtered reconstructed blocks to DPB 314. As discussed above, DPB 314 may provide reference information, such as samples of a current picture for intra-prediction and previously decoded pictures for subsequent motion compensation, to prediction processing unit 304. Moreover, video decoder 300 may output decoded pictures (e.g., decoded video) from DPB 314 for subsequent presentation on a display device, such as display device 118 of FIG. 1.

In this manner, video decoder 300 represents an example of a video decoding device including memory configured to store video data and one or more processors implemented in circuitry and communicatively coupled to the memory, the one or more processors being configured to: determine whether a picture of the video data is an intra random access picture (IRAP); determine whether all layers of the picture are independent; based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture; and decode the picture without using inter slice prediction.

As mentioned above, this disclosure describes techniques for saving signaling bandwidth including techniques for not signaling unnecessary syntax elements and for enabling the sharing of SPSes between video encoder 200 and video decoder 300. For example, VVC Draft 8 describes an SPS which contains codec parameters that video encoder 200 may signal in a bitstream and video decoder 300 may parse. The SPS may include an indication of whether inter-layer prediction is used and, optionally, include reference picture list signaling. Below are two excerpts from VVC Draft 8:

inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that no ILRP [inter layer reference picture] is used for inter prediction of any coded picture in the CLVS [coded layer video sequence]. inter_layer_ref_pic_flag equal to 1 specifies that ILRPs may be used for inter prediction of one or more coded pictures in the CLVS. When sps_video_parameter_set_id is equal to 0, the value of inter layer ref_pics_present_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. When vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 1, the value of inter layer ref_pics_present_flag shall be equal to 0. inter_layer_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] equal to 1 specifies that the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure is an ILRP entry. inter_layer_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure is not an ILRP entry. When not present, the value of inter_layer_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] is inferred to be equal to 0.

Video encoder 200 may signal a syntax element indicative of whether a layer is an independent layer in the video parameter set (VPS) and video decoder 300 may parse the syntax element. Below is an excerpt from VVC Draft 8 relating to such a syntax element.

vps_independent_layer_flag[i] equal to 1 specifies that the layer with index i does not use inter-layer prediction. vps_independent_layer_flag[i] equal to 0 specifies that the layer with index i may use inter-layer prediction and the syntax elements vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[i][j] for j in the range of 0 to i−1, inclusive, are present in VPS. When not present, the value of vps_independent_layer_flag[i] is inferred to be equal to 1.

In VVC Draft 8, the semantics of inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag (discussed above) includes a constraint that “When vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 1, the value of inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag shall be equal to 0.” Therefore, according to VVC Draft 8, when video encoder 200 does not use inter-layer prediction for a layer, e.g., the layer is independent, then the SPS of such a layer has inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag equal to 0.

This constraint prohibits video encoder 200 or video decoder 300 from sharing an SPS between independent and dependent layers. For example, if there is an independent and a dependent in a CLVS, then video encoder 200 may signal two SPSs, one for each layer, even if the only difference between the two SPSs is the value of inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag. The total number of SPSs that may be signaled in a sequence is limited to 16, so not permitting the sharing of SPSs (as is the case in VVC Draft 8) may lead to a reduction in the number of layers that can be coded, as well as an increase in signaling bandwidth.

This disclosure includes techniques that may solve the aforementioned problems. These techniques may be used independently or in any combination. The examples of the techniques of this disclosure are provided below as changes in the VVC Draft 8.

According to the techniques of this disclosure, the constraint that inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag shall be equal to 0 for an independent layer may be removed. Proposed changes in the VVC Draft 8 are marked as follows: beginning of deletions are marked with <DELETE> and the end of deletions are marked with </DELETE>.

inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that no ILRP is used for inter prediction of any coded picture in the CLVS. inter_layer_ref_pic_flag equal to 1 specifies that ILRPs may be used for inter prediction of one or more coded pictures in the CLVS. When sps_video_parameter_set_id is equal to 0, the value of inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. <DELETE> When vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 1, the value of inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag shall be equal to 0. </DELETE>

Since an independent layer may not have inter-layer prediction, video encoder 200 or video decoder 300 may not add the inter-layer reference pictures to a reference picture list even if the presence of such pictures is indicated by inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag being equal to 1 and reference layers, for example, signaled in the SPS. To avoid adding inter-layer reference pictures to a reference picture list for independent layers, video encoder 200 or video decoder 300 may check a condition of a layer being independent or not dependent during a reference picture list derivation process, and only add inter-layer reference pictures for dependent layers.

In one example, such condition may be whether vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 0. For example, according to the techniques of this disclosure, changes to the VVC Draft 8 are marked as follows: beginning of changes are marked with <CHANGE> and the end of changes are marked with </CHANGE>.

The reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1], the reference picture scaling ratios RefPicScale[i][j][0] and RefPicScale[i][j][1], and the reference picture scaled flags RprConstraintsActive[0][j] and RprConstraintsActive[1][j] are derived as follows:

for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) { for( j = 0, k = 0, pocBase = PicOrderCntVal; j < num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++) { if( !inter_layer_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] ) { if( st_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] ) { RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] = pocBase − DeltaPocValSt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] if( there is a reference picture picA in the DPB with the same nuh_layer_id as the current picture and PicOrderCntVal equal to RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] ) RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA else RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture” (203) pocBase = RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] } else { if( !delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ k ] ) { if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with the same nuh_layer_id as the current picture and PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 ) equal to PocLsbLt[ i ][ k ] ) RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA else RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture” RefPicLtPocList[ i ][ j ] = PocLsbLt[ i ][ k ] } else { if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with the same nuh_layer_id as the current picture and PicOrderCntVal equal to FullPocLt[ i ][ k ] ) RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA else RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture” RefPicLtPocList[ i ][ j ] = FullPocLt[ i ][ k ] } k++ } } else <CHANGE> if( !vps_independent_layer_flag[ GeneralLayerIdx[ nuh_layer_id ] ] ) </CHANGE> { layerIdx = DirectRefLayerIdx[ GeneralLayerIdx[ nuh_layer_id ] ][ ilrp_idx[ i ][ RplsIdx ][ j ] ] refPicLayerId = vps_layer_id[ layerIdx ] if( there is a reference picture picA in the DPB with nuh_layer_id equal to refPicLayerId and the same PicOrderCntVal as the current picture ) RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA else RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture” } fRefWidth is set equal to PicOutputWidthL of the reference picture RefPicList[ i ][ j ] fRefHeight is set equal to PicOutputHeightL of the reference picture RefPicList[ i ][ j ] refPicWidth, refPicHeight, refScalingWinLeftOffset, refScalingWinRightOffset, refScalingWinTopOffset, and refScalingWinBottomOffset, are set equal to the values of pic_width_in_luma_samples, pic_height_in_luma_samples, scaling_win_left_offset, scaling_win_right_offset, scaling_win_top_offset, and scaling_win_bottom_offset, respectively, of the reference picture RefPicList[ i ][ j ] RefPicScale[ i ][ j ][ 0 ] = ( ( fRefWidth << 14 ) + ( PicOutputWidthL >> 1 ) ) / PicOutputWidthL RefPicScale[ i ][ j ][ 1 ] = ( ( fRefHeight << 14 ) + ( PicOutputHeightL >> 1 ) ) / PicOutputHeightL RprConstraintsActive[ i ][ j ] = ( pic_width_in_luma_samples != refPicWidth || pic_height_in_luma_samples != refPicHeight || scaling_win_left_offset != refScalingWinLeftOffset || scaling_win_right_offset != refScalingWinRightOffset || scaling_win_top_offset != refScalingWinTopOffset || scaling_win_bottom_offset != refScalingWinBottomOffset ) } }

In this manner, video encoder 200 or video decoder 300 may signal or parse, respectively, a shared SPS for independent and dependent layers with the same reference picture structures, but only add inter-layer reference pictures for dependent layers. The advantage of this technique is that an SPS and reference picture structures (e.g., ref_pic_list_struct) maybe shared across independent and dependent layers, lowering the overhead in the signaling.

Video encoder 200 may conditionally signal inter_layer_ref_pic_flag inside the reference picture structure, based on whether this structure contains inter-layer reference pictures. inter_layer_ref_pic_flag may be indicative of whether a reference picture is an inter-layer reference picture. In VVC Draft 8, this condition check may be performed based on inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag. However, the same reference picture structure as part of the SPS may be used for independent layers, according to the techniques of this disclosure. In order to avoid video encoder 200 signaling inter_layer_ref_pic_flag flag to be equal to 0 (indicating that a reference picture is not an inter-layer reference picture), the techniques to this disclosure may replace the condition check in VVC Draft 8 with checking whether a layer is an independent layer or not an independent layer.

In one example, video encoder 200 may add an additional argument interLayerRefPicsPresentFlag to ref_pic_list_struct to indicate whether the reference picture list structure contains inter-layer reference pictures. In the example below, the beginning of changes are marked <CHANGE>, the end of changes are marked </CHANGE>, the beginning of deletions are marked <DELETE> and the end of deletions are marked </DELETE>.

Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( listIdx, rplsIdx <CHANGE>, interLayerRefPicsPresentFlag </CHANGE>) { num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v) if( long_term_ref_pics_flag ) ltrp_in_header_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] u(1) for( i = 0, j = 0; i < num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++) { <CHANGE>if( interLayerRefPicsPresentFlag </CHANGE> <DELETE> inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag</DELETE> <CHANGE> ) </CHANGE> inter_layer_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1) if( !inter_layer_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) { if( long_term_ref_pics_flag ) st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1) if( st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) { abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v) if( AbsDeltaPocSt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] > 0 ) strp_entry_sign_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1) } else if( !ltrp_in_header_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]) rpls_poc_lsb_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j++ ] u(v) } else ilrp_idx[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v) } }

When video encoder 200 signals ref_pic_list_struct in the SPS, video encoder 200 may set the added argument equal to an indication of whether the SPS contains inter-layer reference pictures. For example, video encoder 200 may set the added argument equal to inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag. In one example, shown below, the beginning of changes to VVC Draft 8 are marked with <CHANGE> and the end of changes are marked with </CHANGE>.

Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { ... u(4) inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag u(1) sps_idr_rpl_present_flag u(1) rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag u(1) for( i = 0; i < !rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag ? 2 : 1; i++ ) { num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] ue(v) for(j = 0; j < num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ]; j++) ref_pic_list_struct( i, j, <CHANGE> inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag </CHANGE>) } ... }

When video encoder 200 signals a reference picture list ref_pic_lists in a picture or a slice header, video encoder 200 may set the added argument interLayerRefPicsPresentFlag equal to vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]], as shown below. The beginning of changes to VVC Draft 8 are marked with <CHANGE> and the end of changes are marked with </CHANGE>.

Descriptor ref_pic_lists( ) { for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) { if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 0 && ( i == 0 || ( i == 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) ) rpl_sps_flag[ i ] u(1) if( rpl_sps_flag[ i ] ) { if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 && ( i == 0 || ( i == 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) ) rpl_idx[ i ] u(v) } else ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ], <CHANGE> vps_independent_layer_flag[ GeneralLayerIdx[ nuh_layer_id ] ] </CHA NGE>) for( j = 0; j < NumLtrpEntries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++ ) { if( ltrp_in_header_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] ) poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ j ] u(v) delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] u(1) if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] ) delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] ue(v) } } }

A constraint for slice type is now discussed. In VVC Draft 8, when a layer is an independent layer there is constraint that when a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit type is instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR) or clear random access (CRA), the slice type shall be I-slice. VVC Draft 8 expresses this constraint as follows:

-   -   When nal_unit_type is in the range of IDR_W_RADL to CRA_NUT,         inclusive, and         vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is         equal to 1, slice type shall be equal to 2.

However, there is a flag in the picture header, ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag, that indicates the presence of inter-related syntax elements, or in other words, whether the slice type can be P-slice or B-slice. This flag is not a constraint for the cases when NAL unit types are IDR or CRA in a picture for an independent layer. An excerpt of VVC Draft 8 is shown below:

-   -   ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag equal to 0 specifies that all coded         slices of the picture have slice type equal to 2.         ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag equal to 1 specifies that there may         or may not be one or more coded slices in the picture that have         slice type equal to 0 or 1.

According to the techniques of this disclosure, a constraint may be added that if a picture is IDR or CRA then ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag may be equal to 0 for independent layers. For example, video encoder 200 may set ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag to be equal to 0 for independent layers in an IDR or CRA picture.

In one example, a condition to check whether a layer is an independent layer, e.g., a value of vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 1, may be utilized. In other words, if video encoder 200 sets vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] equal to 1, the layer may be an independent layer and video decoder 300 may determine whether the layer is an independent layer by parsing vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]].

In one example, to determine whether a picture is an IDR or a CRA picture, video decoder 300 may determine whether a value of the flag gdr_or_irap_pic_flag signaled in a picture header by video encoder 200 is equal to 1. A GDR picture is a gradual decoding refresh picture and an IRAP is an intra random access picture. In addition, video decoder 300 may determine whether value of a GDR picture flag gdr_pic_flag is equal to 0.

-   -   ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag equal to 0 specifies that all coded         slices of the picture have slice type equal to 2.         ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag equal to 1 specifies that there may         or may not be one or more coded slices in the picture that have         slice type equal to 0 or 1.     -   gdr_or_irap_pic_flag equal to 1 specifies that the current         picture is a GDR or TRAP picture. gdr_or_irap_pic_flag equal to         0 specifies that the current picture may or may not be a GDR or         IRAP picture.     -   gdr_pic_flag equal to 1 specifies the picture associated with         the PH is a GDR picture. gdr_pic_flag equal to 0 specifies that         the picture associated with the PH is not a GDR picture. When         not present, the value of gdr_pic_flag is inferred to be equal         to 0. When gdr_enabled_flag is equal to 0, the value of         gdr_pic_flag shall be equal to 0.

In one example, a constraint can be expressed as follows, with changes to VVC Draft 8 beginning with <CHANGE> and ending with </CHANGE>:

<CHANGE> When gdr_or_irap_pic_flag is equal to 1, and gdr_pic_flag is equal to 0, and vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 1, ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag shall be equal to 0. </CHANGE>

In another example, according to the techniques of this disclosure, the ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag signaling may be conditioned such that video encoder 200 may not signal ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag for IDR and CRA pictures for independent layers, e.g., the signaling may be conditioned on gdr_or_irap_pic_flag, gdr_pic_flag, and vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] syntax elements.

In one example, the condition may be expressed as follows with changes to VVC Draft 8 beginning with <CHANGE> and ending with </CHANGE>:

Descriptor picture_header_structure( ) { gdr_or_irap_pic_flag u(1) if( gdr_or_irap_pic_flag ) gdr_pic_flag u(1) <CHANGE> if( !gdr_or_irap_pic_flag || gdr_pic_flag || !vps_independent_layer_flag[ GeneralLayerIdx[ nuh_layer_id ] ] ) </CHANGE> ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag u(1) if( ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag ) ph_intra_slice_allowed_flag u(1)

In some examples, an inference rule may be added to ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag that when ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag is not present, video decoder 300 may infer a value of ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag to be equal to 0.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating example signaling techniques of this disclosure. Video encoder 200 or video decoder 300 may determine whether a picture of video data is an IRAP (330). For example, video encoder 200 may perform multiple encoding passes to test different combinations of encoder parameters and may determine to encode a picture as an IRAP. In some examples, video encoder 200 may determine a value of a second syntax element (e.g., gdr_or_irap_pic_flag) indicative of the picture being one of a GDR picture or an IRAP, determine a value of a third syntax element (e.g., gdr_pic_flag) indicative of the picture not being a GDR picture, and signal the second syntax element and the third syntax element in a bitstream. For example, video decoder 300, may, as part of determining whether a picture of the video data is an IRAP, determine whether the value of a second syntax element (e.g., gdr_or_irap_pic_flag) indicates the picture is one of a gradual decoding refresh GDR picture or an IRAP, and determine whether a value of a third syntax element (e.g., gdr_pic_flag) indicates the picture is not a GDR picture to determine whether a picture is encoded as an IRAP. For example, when the value of gdr_or_irap_pic_flag is equal to 1 and the value of gdr_pic_flag is equal to 0, video decoder 300 may determine that the picture is encoded as an IRAP.

Video encoder 200 or video decoder 300 may determine whether all layers of the picture are independent (332). For example, video encoder 200 may perform multiple encoding passes to test different combinations of encoder parameters and may determine to encode a picture with all layers being independent. For example, video encoder 200 may determine a value of a fourth syntax element indicative of whether all layers are independent (e.g., vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]]) and signal the fourth syntax element in a bitstream. In some examples, as part of determining whether all layers of the picture are independent, video decoder 300 may determine the value of the fourth syntax element indicative of whether all layers of the picture are independent. For example, video decoder 300 may parse fourth syntax element indicative of whether all layers of the encoded picture are independent (e.g., vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]]) to determine whether all layers are independent. For example, when vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 1, video decoder 300 may determine all layers of the picture are independent.

Based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, video encoder 200 or video decoder 300 may determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture (334). For example, video encoder 200 may determine a value of a first syntax element indicative of whether inter slice prediction (e.g., one slice is predicted using another slice) is permitted (e.g., ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag) and, in some examples, signal the first syntax element (e.g., ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag) based on the picture being an TRAP and all layers of the picture being independent. In some examples, video encoder 200 may refrain from signaling the first syntax element in a bitstream. For example, video decoder 300 may parse the first syntax element (e.g., ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag) to determine a value of the first syntax element (e.g., ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag) indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture. In another example, as part of determining the value of the first syntax element, video decoder 300 may infer the value of the first syntax element. For example, video decoder 300 may infer the value of the first syntax element indicative of whether inter slice prediction is permitted based on the picture being an TRAP and all layers in the picture being independent when video encoder 200 does not signal the first syntax element. Video encoder 200 or video decoder 300 may code the picture without using inter slice prediction (336). For example, video encoder 200 or video decoder 300 may refrain from using inter slice prediction for the picture.

In some examples, the first syntax element is in a picture header. In some examples, the TRAP is an IDR picture or a CRA picture. In some examples, the fourth syntax element is in a VPS.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for encoding a current block. The current block may comprise a current CU. Although described with respect to video encoder 200 (FIGS. 1 and 3), it should be understood that other devices may be configured to perform a method similar to that of FIG. 6.

In this example, video encoder 200 initially predicts the current block (350). For example, video encoder 200 may form a prediction block for the current block. For example, during forming prediction blocks, video encoder 200 may determine whether a picture of the video data is an TRAP and determine whether all layers of the picture are independent. Video encoder 200 may also, based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice is not allowed in the picture and/or encode the picture without using inter slice prediction. Video encoder 200 may calculate a residual block for the current block (352). To calculate the residual block, video encoder 200 may calculate a difference between the original, unencoded block and the prediction block for the current block. Video encoder 200 may then transform the residual block and quantize transform coefficients of the residual block (354). Next, video encoder 200 may scan the quantized transform coefficients of the residual block (356). During the scan, or following the scan, video encoder 200 may entropy encode the transform coefficients (358). For example, video encoder 200 may encode the transform coefficients using CAVLC or CABAC. Video encoder 200 may then output the entropy encoded data of the block (360).

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for decoding a current block of video data. The current block may comprise a current CU. Although described with respect to video decoder 300 (FIGS. 1 and 4), it should be understood that other devices may be configured to perform a method similar to that of FIG. 7.

Video decoder 300 may receive entropy encoded data for the current block, such as entropy encoded prediction information and entropy encoded data for transform coefficients of a residual block corresponding to the current block (370). Video decoder 300 may entropy decode the entropy encoded data to determine prediction information for the current block and to reproduce transform coefficients of the residual block (372). Video decoder 300 may predict the current block (374), e.g., using an intra- or inter-prediction mode as indicated by the prediction information for the current block, to calculate a prediction block for the current block. For example, during predicting blocks, video decoder 300 may determine whether a picture of the video data is an IRAP and determine whether all layers of the picture are independent. Video decoder 300 may also, based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice is not allowed in the picture and/or decode the picture without using inter slice prediction. Video decoder 300 may then inverse scan the reproduced transform coefficients (376), to create a block of quantized transform coefficients. Video decoder 300 may then inverse quantize and inverse transform the transform coefficients to produce a residual block (378). Video decoder 300 may ultimately decode the current block by combining the prediction block and the residual block (380).

This disclosure includes the following examples.

Clause 1A. A method of coding video data, the method comprising: determining whether a first layer of the video data is a dependent layer; determining whether a second layer of the video data is a dependent layer; determining a sequence parameter set (SPS); and coding the first layer and the second layer based on the SPS, wherein one of the first layer or second layer is an independent layer and one of the first layer or second layer is a dependent layer.

Clause 2A. The method of clause 1A, further comprising not adding an inter-layer reference picture to a reference picture list for the independent layer.

Clause 3A. The method of any of clauses 1A-2A, further comprising adding an inter-layer reference picture to a reference picture list for the dependent layer.

Clause 4A. The method of any of clauses 1A-3A, wherein determining whether the first layer of video data is a dependent layer comprises determining whether vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 0.

Clause 5A. The method of any of clauses 1A-4A, wherein determining the SPS comprises setting inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag to be equal to 1.

Clause 6A. The method of any of clauses 1A-5A, further comprising adding a flag to ref_pic_list_struct, the flag being indicative of whether the reference picture list structure contains inter-layer reference pictures.

Clause 7A. The method of clause 6A, wherein the flag is inter layer ref_pics_present_flag.

Clause 8A. The method of clause 6A, further comprising: determining whether a reference picture list is signaled in a picture or slice header; and setting the flag equal to vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]], based on the reference picture list being signaled in the picture or slice header.

Clause 9A. A method of coding video data, the method comprising: determining whether a layer of video data is independent; determining whether a picture of video data is an instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR) or a clear random access (CRA) picture; setting ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag to be equal to 0 based upon the layer being independent and the picture being an IDR picture or a CRA picture; and coding the video data based on the ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag.

Clause 10A. The method of clause 9A, wherein determining whether the layer of video data is independent comprises determining whether vps_independent_layer_flag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 1.

Clause 11A. The method of any of clauses 9A-10A, wherein determining whether a picture of video data is an IDR picture or a CRA picture comprises determining whether gdr_or_irap_pic_flag is equal to 1 and gdr_pic_flag is equal to 0.

Clause 12A. The method of any of clauses 9A-11A, wherein based on the layer of video data being independent and the picture of video data being an IDR picture or a CRA picture, ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag is not signaled in a bitstream.

Clause 13A. The method of clause 12A, further comprising inferring ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag to be equal to 0 when not signaled in the bitstream.

Clause 14A. The method of any of clauses 1A-13A, wherein coding comprises decoding.

Clause 15A. The method of any of clauses 1A-13A, wherein coding comprises encoding.

Clause 16A. A device for coding video data, the device comprising one or more means for performing the method of any of clauses 1A-15A.

Clause 17A. The device of clause 16A, wherein the one or more means comprise one or more processors implemented in circuitry.

Clause 18A. The device of any of clauses 16A-17A, further comprising a memory to store the video data.

Clause 19A. The device of any of clauses 16A-18A, further comprising a display configured to display decoded video data.

Clause 20A. The device of any of clauses 16A-19A, wherein the device comprises one or more of a camera, a computer, a mobile device, a broadcast receiver device, or a set-top box.

Clause 21A. The device of any of clauses 16A-20A, wherein the device comprises a video decoder.

Clause 22A. The device of any of clauses 16A-21A, wherein the device comprises a video encoder.

Clause 23A. A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors to perform the method of any of clauses 1A-13A.

Clause 24A. A device for encoding video data, the device comprising: means for determining whether a first layer of the video data is a dependent layer; means for determining whether a second layer of the video data is a dependent layer; means for determining a sequence parameter set (SPS); and means for coding the first layer and the second layer based on the SPS, wherein one of the first layer or second layer is an independent layer and one of the first layer or second layer is a dependent layer.

Clause 25A. A device for encoding video data, the device comprising: means for determining whether a layer of video data is independent; means for determining whether a picture of video data is an instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR) or a clear random access (CRA) picture; means for setting ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag to be equal to 0 based upon the layer being independent and the picture being an IDR picture or a CRA picture; and means for coding the video data based on the ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag.

Clause 1B. A method of coding video data, the method comprising: determining whether a picture of the video data is an intra random access picture (IRAP); determining whether all layers of the picture are independent; based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determining a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice is not allowed in the picture; and coding the picture without using inter slice prediction.

Clause 2B. The method of clause 1B, wherein the first syntax element is in a picture header.

Clause 3B. The method of clause 1B or 2B, wherein the IRAP is an instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR) picture or a clear random access (CRA) picture.

Clause 4B. The method of any combination of clauses 1B-3B, wherein coding comprises decoding and wherein determining whether a picture of the video data is an IRAP comprises: determining whether a value of a second syntax element indicates the picture is one of a gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture or an instantaneous random access picture (TRAP); and determining whether a value of a third syntax element indicates the picture is not the GDR picture.

Clause 5B. The method of any combination of clauses 1B-4B, wherein coding comprises decoding and wherein determining whether all layers of the picture are independent comprises: determining a value of a fourth syntax element indicative of whether all layers of the picture are independent.

Clause 6B. The method of clause 5B, wherein the fourth syntax element is in a video parameter set.

Clause 7B. The method of any combination of clauses 1B-6B, wherein coding comprises decoding and wherein the determining the value of the first syntax element comprises inferring the value of the first syntax element.

Clause 8B. The method of any combination of clauses 1B-3B, wherein coding comprises encoding and wherein the method further comprises: determining a value of a second syntax element indicative of the picture being one of a gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture or an TRAP; determining a value of a third syntax element indicative of the picture not being a GDR picture; and signaling the second syntax element and the third syntax element in a bitstream.

Clause 9B. The method of any combination of clauses 1B-3B and 8B, wherein coding comprises encoding and wherein the method further comprises: determining a value of a fourth syntax element indicative of all layers of the being independent; and signaling the fourth syntax element in a bitstream.

Clause 10B. The method of any combination of clauses 1B-3B and 8B-9B, wherein coding comprises encoding and wherein the method further comprises: refraining from signaling the first syntax element in a bitstream.

Clause 11B. A device for coding video data, the device comprising: memory configured to store the video data; and one or more processors implemented in circuitry and communicatively coupled to the memory, the one or more processors being configured to: determine whether a picture of the video data is an intra random access picture (TRAP); determine whether all layers of the picture are independent; based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture; and code the picture without using inter slice prediction.

Clause 12B. The device of clause 11B, wherein the first syntax element is in a picture header.

Clause 13B. The device of clause 11B or 12B, wherein the TRAP is an instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR) picture or a clear random access (CRA) picture.

Clause 14B. The device of any combination of clauses 11B-13B, wherein code comprises decode and wherein as part of determining whether a picture of the video data is an TRAP, the one or more processors are configured to: determine whether a value of a second syntax element indicates the picture is one of a gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture or an IRAP; and determine whether a value of a third syntax element indicates the picture is not a GDR picture.

Clause 15B. The device of any combination of clauses 11B-14B, wherein code comprises decode and wherein as part of determining whether all layers of the picture are independent, the one or more processors are configured to: determine a value of a fourth syntax element indicative of whether all layers of the picture are independent.

Clause 16B. The device of clause 15B, wherein the fourth syntax element is in a video parameter set.

Clause 17B. The device of any combination of clauses 11B-16B, wherein code comprises decode and wherein the as part of determining the value of the first syntax element, the one or more processors are configured to infer the value of the first syntax element.

Clause 18B. The device of any combination of clauses 11B-13B, wherein code comprises encode and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: determine a value of a second syntax element indicative of the picture being one of a gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture or an IRAP; determine a value of a third syntax element indicative of the picture not being a GDR picture; and signal the second syntax element and the third syntax element in a bitstream.

Clause 19B. The device of any combination of clauses 11B-13B and 18B, wherein code comprises encode and wherein the one of more processors are further configured to: determine a value of a fourth syntax element indicative of all layers of the being independent; and signal the fourth syntax element in a bitstream.

Clause 20B. The device of any combination of clauses 11B-13B and 18B-19B, wherein code comprises encode and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: refrain from signaling the first syntax element in a bitstream.

Clause 21B. A non-transitory computer-readable medium including instructions, which when executed, cause one or more processors to: determine whether a picture of video data is an intra random access picture (IRAP); determine whether all layers of the picture are independent; based on the picture being an IRAP and all layers of the picture being independent, determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture; and code the picture without using inter slice prediction.

Clause 22B. A device for coding video data, the device comprising: means for determining whether a picture of the video data is an intra random access picture (IRAP); means for determining whether all layers of the picture are independent; means for determining a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the picture based on the picture being an TRAP and all layers of the picture being independent; and means for coding the picture without using inter slice prediction.

It is to be recognized that depending on the example, certain acts or events of any of the techniques described herein can be performed in a different sequence, may be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., not all described acts or events are necessary for the practice of the techniques). Moreover, in certain examples, acts or events may be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or multiple processors, rather than sequentially.

In one or more examples, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium and executed by a hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media may include computer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media, or communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another, e.g., according to a communication protocol. In this manner, computer-readable media generally may correspond to (1) tangible computer-readable storage media which is non-transitory or (2) a communication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by one or more computers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, code and/or data structures for implementation of the techniques described in this disclosure. A computer program product may include a computer-readable medium.

By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable storage media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if instructions are transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. It should be understood, however, that computer-readable storage media and data storage media do not include connections, carrier waves, signals, or other transitory media, but are instead directed to non-transitory, tangible storage media. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc, where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

Instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Accordingly, the terms “processor” and “processing circuitry,” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structures or any other structure suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in some aspects, the functionality described herein may be provided within dedicated hardware and/or software modules configured for encoding and decoding, or incorporated in a combined codec. Also, the techniques could be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic elements.

The techniques of this disclosure may be implemented in a wide variety of devices or apparatuses, including a wireless handset, an integrated circuit (IC) or a set of ICs (e.g., a chip set). Various components, modules, or units are described in this disclosure to emphasize functional aspects of devices configured to perform the disclosed techniques, but do not necessarily require realization by different hardware units. Rather, as described above, various units may be combined in a codec hardware unit or provided by a collection of interoperative hardware units, including one or more processors as described above, in conjunction with suitable software and/or firmware.

Various examples have been described. These and other examples are within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of coding video data, the method comprising: determining a sequence parameter set (SPS) for a sequence of video data comprising a first picture of the video data and a second picture of the video data, the SPS being shared by the first picture and the second picture; determining whether the first picture is an intra random access picture (IRAP); determining whether a first layer including the first picture is an independent layer; based on the first picture being an IRAP and the first layer being the independent layer, determining a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice is not allowed in the first picture; and coding the first picture without using inter slice prediction, wherein a second layer includes the second picture, and the second layer is a dependent layer.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first syntax element is in a picture header.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the IRAP is an instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR) picture or a clear random access (CRA) picture.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein coding comprises decoding and wherein determining whether the first picture is an IRAP comprises: determining whether a value of a second syntax element indicates the first picture is one of a gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture or an instantaneous random access picture (IRAP); and determining whether a value of a third syntax element indicates the first picture is not the GDR picture.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein coding comprises decoding and wherein determining whether the first layer including the first picture is the independent layer comprises: determining a value of a fourth syntax element indicative of whether the first layer is the independent layer.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the fourth syntax element is in a video parameter set.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein coding comprises decoding and wherein the determining the value of the first syntax element comprises inferring the value of the first syntax element.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein coding comprises encoding and wherein the method further comprises: determining a value of a second syntax element indicative of the first picture being one of a gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture or an IRAP; determining a value of a third syntax element indicative of the first picture not being a GDR picture; and signaling the second syntax element and the third syntax element in a bitstream.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein coding comprises encoding and wherein the method further comprises: determining a value of a fourth syntax element indicative of the first layer being the independent layer; and signaling the fourth syntax element in a bitstream.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein coding comprises encoding and wherein the method further comprises: refraining from signaling the first syntax element in a bitstream.
 11. A device for coding video data, the device comprising: memory configured to store the video data; and one or more processors implemented in circuitry and communicatively coupled to the memory, the one or more processors being configured to: determine a sequence parameter set (SPS) for a sequence of video data comprising a first picture of the video data and a second picture of the video data, the SPS being shared by the first picture and the second picture; determine whether the first picture is an intra random access picture (TRAP); determine whether a first layer including the first picture is an independent layer; based on the first picture being an TRAP and the first layer being an independent layer, determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the first picture; and code the first picture without using inter slice prediction, wherein a second layer includes the second picture, and the second layer is a dependent layer.
 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the first syntax element is in a picture header.
 13. The device of claim 11, wherein the IRAP is an instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR) picture or a clear random access (CRA) picture.
 14. The device of claim 11, wherein code comprises decode and wherein as part of determining whether the first picture is an IRAP, the one or more processors are configured to: determine whether a value of a second syntax element indicates the first picture is one of a gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture or an IRAP; and determine whether a value of a third syntax element indicates the first picture is not a GDR picture.
 15. The device of claim 11, wherein code comprises decode and wherein as part of determining whether the first layer including the first picture is the independent layer, the one or more processors are configured to: determine a value of a fourth syntax element indicative of whether of the first is the independent layer.
 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the fourth syntax element is in a video parameter set.
 17. The device of claim 11, wherein code comprises decode and wherein the as part of determining the value of the first syntax element, the one or more processors are configured to infer the value of the first syntax element.
 18. The device of claim 11, wherein code comprises encode and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: determine a value of a second syntax element indicative of the first picture being one of a gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture or an IRAP; determine a value of a third syntax element indicative of the first picture not being a GDR picture; and signal the second syntax element and the third syntax element in a bitstream.
 19. The device of claim 11, wherein code comprises encode and wherein the one of more processors are further configured to: determine a value of a fourth syntax element indicative of the first layer being the independent layer; and signal the fourth syntax element in a bitstream.
 20. The device of claim 11, wherein code comprises encode and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: refrain from signaling the first syntax element in a bitstream.
 21. A non-transitory computer-readable medium including instructions, which when executed, cause one or more processors to: determine a sequence parameter set (SPS) for a sequence of video data comprising a first picture of the video data and a second picture of the video data, the SPS being shared by the first picture and secondpicture; determine whether the first picture of video data is an intra random access picture (IRAP); determine whether a first layer including the first picture is an independent layer; based on the first picture being an IRAP and the first layer being an independent layer, determine a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the first picture; and code the first picture without using inter slice prediction, wherein the second picture includes the second picture, and the second layer is a dependent layer.
 22. A device for coding video data, the device comprising: means for determining a sequence parameter set (SPS) for a sequence of video data comprising a first picture of the video data and a second picture of the video data, the SPS being shared by the first picture and the second picture; means for determining whether the first picture of the video data is an intra random access picture (IRAP); means for determining whether a first layer including the first picture is an independent layer; means for determining a value of a first syntax element to be indicative of an inter slice not being allowed in the first picture based on the first picture being an IRAP and the first layer being an independent layer; and means for coding the picture without using inter slice prediction, wherein a second layer includes the second picture, and the second layer is a dependent layer. 